A federal zasekuhlaleni meko ibandakanya a isemthethweni imbambano phakathi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kwamaqela
A zasekuhlaleni inyathelo kuqala xa iqela imbambano iifayile isikhalazo kwaye akahlawuli i-filing imali efunwayo yi-statute.
A plaintiff abo akakwazi ukuhlawula intlawulo babe ifayile isicelo ukuqhubeka kwi forma pauperis. Ukuba begin a zasekuhlaleni lawsuit kwi-federal inkundla, plaintiff iifayile isikhalazo kunye inkundla kwaye"usebenza"ikopi le isikhalazo kwi-defendant. I-isikhalazo sichaza plaintiff ke umonakalo othe okanye injury, uchaza indlela defendant wenza ngokwasemalini, ibonisa ukuba inkundla iye kwimimandla ephantsi kolawulo lwesixeko, kwaye icela kwinkundla ukuze uncedo. A plaintiff unakho ukufuna imali lungiselela i umonakalo othe okanye babe cela inkundla ukuba indlela defendant ukumisa ukuziphatha loo nto ebangela i-kwenzakala. Inkundla ingayalela kanjalo ukuze ezinye iintlobo uncedo, ezifana isibhengezo ye-isemthethweni amalungelo plaintiff kwi imeko. Inokuba"discovery,"apho litigants kufuneka anike inkcazelo nganye enye malunga kunjalo, ezifana isazisi amangqina kwaye iikopi na amaxwebhu anxulumene ityala. Injongo discovery kukuba ukulungiselela yovavanyo yi-efuna i-litigants ukuba bahlanganisane zabo ubungqina *** ukubiza amangqina. Kwicala ngalinye kanjalo babe ifayile izicelo, okanye"izindululo zokuphela,"kunye inkundla ezama ulawulo kwi discovery ka-ubungqina, okanye ngomhla nemigaqo-nkqubo kuba abalandela e linge. Discovery zingabandakanya deposition, ezifuna ingqina ukuphendula imibuzo malunga ityala phambi linge. Ingqina iimpendulo imibuzo evela lawyer phantsi kwesifungo, kubukho inkundla reporter, abo ibangela ilizwi ilizwi akhawunti ngokuba transcript. Ukuphepha iindleko ezinokufumaneka kwaye libazisa ka ekubeni a yovavanyo, iijaji kukhuthaza litigants ukuzama ukufikelela isivumelwano egqiba zabo imbambano. Iinkundla ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa mediation, arbitration, kunye namanye amaxwebhu we enye imbambano isisombululo, yenzelwe ukuba akhuphe isisombululo ka-imbambano ngaphandle kwesidingo etyaleni okanye enye inkundla iingxoxo. Kangangokuba, litigants rhoqo uyavuma ukuba"kwamafama."Absent a septemba, inkundla iza isihlomelo a linge. Kwi libanzi ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo iimeko zasekuhlaleni, noba icala linelungelo phantsi komgaqo-Siseko ukuba isicelo a jury linge. Ukuba amaqela waive zabo ilungelo a jury, ngoko ke ijaji ngaphandle jury uya kuva meko. Ngokuthi kusetyenziswa imithetho ubungqina, umgwebi limisela apho ulwazi zibe zaziswe kwi-courtroom. Ngoko ke, ukuba amangqina kuthetha ukusuka kwezabo ulwazi musa tshintsha zabo ibali ngokusekelwe oko baya kuva elinye ingqina ukuthi, baya kugcinwa khona ngaphandle courtroom de ziyangqina. Inkundla reporter ugcina imbali yovavanyo iingxoxo, kunye nosekela-clerk wenkundla ugcina imbali umntu ngamnye abo testifies, kwaye nayiphi na amaxwebhu, iifoto, okanye ezinye izinto ungeniswa kwi ubungqina. I-opposing lamagqwetha babe injongo ukuba umbuzo ngayo wamema ingqina ukuthi ezingaxhomekekanga ngokusekelwe ingqina ke personal ulwazi, unfairly prejudicial, okanye irrelevant ukuba kunjalo. Ngokubanzi, umgwebi noba overrules okanye sustains - ivumela - objection. Ukuba objection ngu ugcinwa, ingqina akusebenzi uphendule umbuzo, kwaye lamagqwetha kufuneka sihambe egameni lakhe umbuzo olandelayo. Inkundla reporter ubhala objections ngoko ke ukuba inkundla nezibheno unako uhlole iimpikiswano kamva ukuba kuyimfuneko. Emva kokuba ubungqina ngu beva, kwicala ngalinye inika a ukuvala isiphumezi-miyalelo. Kwi jury yovavanyo, umgwebi kuyicacisa umthetho lowo afanelekileyo ukuba kunjalo kwaye izigqibo i-jury ifuna ukwenza. I-jury ngokubanzi ngu wacela ukuba kwalatha ukuba ngaba i-defendant linoxanduva harming i-plaintiff ngenye indlela, kwaye ke ukugqiba isixa-mali umonakalo othe ukuba defendant kuya kufuneka ukuba uhlawule. Ukuba kunjalo iyazanywa phambi ijaji ngaphandle jury, owaziwa njenge"bench"yovavanyo, umgwebi uza isigqibo sokuba le miba okanye umyalelo uncedo prevailing umntu. Kwi zasekuhlaleni kunjalo, plaintiff kufuneka convince i-jury yi -"preponderance ka-ubungqina"(oko kukuthi, ukuba kubalulekile ngakumbi kusenokwenzeka ukuba kunokuba hayi) ukuba defendant inoxanduva kwenzakala i-plaintiff sele intlungu. Ufuna ezinye ukuphuhlisa kulwazi lwakho federal iinkundla Funda Zokuqonda Federal Iinkundla.
