I-Supreme Inkundla iye yoqobo, appellate kwaye lomeluleki kwimimandla ephantsi kolawulo lwesixekoLayo exclusive yoqobo kolawulo lwesixeko ivakalisa na imbambano phakathi Karhulumente i-India kwaye omnye okanye ngaphezulu States okanye phakathi Karhulumente i-Indiya kunye nayo nayiphi na Imeko okanye States kwiqela elinye icala kwaye omnye okanye ngaphezulu States kwelinye okanye phakathi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu States, ukuba insofar njengoko imbambano ibandakanya nawuphi na umbuzo (nokuba umthetho okanye fact) ngomhla apho bukho okanye kangakanani ka-elisemthethweni kwiimeko. Ukongeza, Inqaku amashumi amathathu anesibini-Siseko unika i-kofakwano yoqobo kolawulo lwesixeko ukuba Supreme Inkundla malunga ukunyanzeliswa kwalomgaqo-siseko Amalungelo. Kubalulekile empowered ukuba kukhutshwe izikhokelo, ii-odolo okanye writs, kuquka writs kwi-uhlobo habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, nemeko yelo xesha warrant kwaye certiorari ukuba enforce kwabo. I-Supreme Inkundla wenziwe banikela ngamandla ukuba ngqo unikezelo na zasekuhlaleni okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho meko ukusuka kwesinye Isimo ephakamileyo kwenye Imo ephakamileyo okanye ukusuka Kwinkundla subordinate kwenye Imo ephakamileyo.
I-Supreme Inkundla, ukuba uvuma ukuba iimeko involving efanayo okanye substantially efanayo imibuzo umthetho ingaba kuxhomekeko phambi kokuba kwaye omnye okanye ngaphezulu Iinkundla Eziphezulu okanye phambi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu Iinkundla Eziphezulu kwaye loo mibuzo ingaba substantial imibuzo jikelele ukubaluleka, babe arhoxe kunjalo okanye iimeko kuxhomekeko phambi ephakamileyo okanye Iinkundla Eziphezulu kwaye alahle zonke iimeko ezinjalo ngokwayo.
Phantsi Arbitration kwaye Conciliation Act, Ngamazwe Abarhwebayo Arbitration unako kanjalo kuba initiated kwi-Supreme Inkundla.
I-appellate kolawulo lwesixeko lesiqu Inkundla kusenokuba ubizwe nge isiqinisekiso wanika yi-ephakamileyo abachaphazelekayo phantsi Inqaku, okanye -Siseko malunga nayo nayiphi na judgement, nommiselo okanye zokugqibela ukulandelelana Inkundla Ephezulu kuzo zombini zasekuhlaleni kwaye, ulwaphulo-mthetho iimeko, involving substantial imibuzo umthetho njengoko kwentsingiselo-Siseko. Nezibheno kanjalo ukuxoka ukuba Supreme Inkundla kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni imicimbi ukuba ephakamileyo abachaphazelekayo certifies: (a) ukuba kunjalo ibandakanya a substantial umbuzo umthetho jikelele ukubaluleka, kwaye (b) ukuba, uluvo ephakamileyo, wathi umbuzo kufuneka kube kugqitywe nge - Supreme Inkundla.
Kwi-mthetho iimeko, isibheno lies ukuba Supreme ukuba Inkundla ephakamileyo (a) iye kwi isibheno iyaguquka umyalelo we acquittal i umtyholwa umntu sentenced kuye ekufeni okanye nokuvalelwa kuba ubomi okanye isithuba seminyaka ingabi ngaphantsi kunokuba iminyaka elishumi, okanye (b) sineziphumo withdrawn etyaleni phambi kwayo nayiphi na ityala ukusuka nayiphi na Inkundla subordinate yalo igunya kwaye sele kwi-enjalo yovavanyo convicted umtyholwa kwaye sentenced kuye ekufeni okanye nokuvalelwa kuba ubomi okanye isithuba seminyaka ingabi ngaphantsi kwe-iminyaka elishumi, okanye (c) lavuma ukuba kunjalo yi faka omnye kuba isibheno ukuba Supreme Inkundla.
Ipalamente wagunyazisa okunika kwi Supreme Inkundla okungaphaya amagunya entertain nize nive nezibheno nakweliphi judgement, zokugqibela ukuze okanye isivakalisi zolwaphulo mthetho proceeding a ephakamileyo.
I-Supreme Inkundla zibonakele kakhulu libanzi appellate kolawulo lwesixeko phezu kwazo zonke Iinkundla kwaye Tribunals kwi-India kuzo kangangoko kunokuthi, yayo eyodwa, isibonelelo ezikhethekileyo shiya ukuba isibheno phantsi Inqaku somgaqo-Siseko ukusuka na isigwebo, ummiselo, determination, isigwebo okanye umyalelo ngayo nayiphi na injongo okanye umcimbi sele idlule okanye eyenziwe nayiphi na Inkundla okanye abachopheli-matyala emmandleni ka-India. I-Supreme Inkundla iye ezikhethekileyo lomeluleki kolawulo lwesixeko kwi-imicimbi ekusenokwenzeka ukuba bathenge isiwe ngayo yi - Umongameli we-India phantsi Inqaku -Siseko. Kukho izibonelelo kuba kuyo okanye isibheno le Inkundla phantsi Inqaku lomgaqo-Siseko, Icandelo ka-i-Income Tax Act, Icandelo le- Monopolies kwaye Restrictive Urhwebo Ukuba Umthetho, Icandelo le A - Masiko Act, Icandelo lama H le-Central Excises kwaye Salt Act, kwaye Icandelo C ka-Igolide (Control) Umthetho. Nezibheno kanjalo ukuxoka ukuba Supreme Enkundleni phantsi Ukumelwa Abantu Umthetho, Monopolies kwaye Restrictive Urhwebo Ukuba Umthetho, Advocates Act, Contempt eenkundla Act, Masiko Act, Central Excises kwaye Salt Act, Enlargement, ulwaphulo-Mthetho Appellate kolawulo lwesixeko Act, Yovavanyo ye Offences Enxulumene Eyenziweyo kwi-Securities Ezinobudlelwane, we, Terrorist kwaye Disruptive Imisebenzi (Zokuthintela) Act, kwaye Consumer Protection Act. Unyulo amaxwebhu ezikhalazo phantsi Part III ye ye-ofisi kamongameli kwaye usekela kamongameli-ye-ofisi kamongameli Unyulo Act, ngo- bamele kanjalo ezenziwe sesi sibini ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Supreme Inkundla.
Phantsi Amanqaku kwaye -Siseko i-Supreme Inkundla wenziwe vested ngamandla ukuba kohlwaya kuba contempt Wenkundla kuquka amandla kohlwaya kuba contempt ngokwalo.
Kwimeko contempt ezinye kunokuba contempt ekuthethwe ngawo Umthetho, Inxalenye-mna Imigaqo Ukulawula Iingxoxo kuba Contempt lesiqu Inkundla, Inkundla ingayalela thatha inyathelo (a) Suo mote, okanye (b) ngomhla we-uxwebhu lwezikhalazo eyenziwe Lamagqwetha Jikelele, okanye Solicitor Jikelele, okanye (c) kwi-uxwebhu lwezikhalazo eyenziwe nawuphi na umntu, kwaye kwimeko zolwaphulo mthetho contempt kunye imvume ngokubhala ye-Lamagqwetha Jikelele okanye Solicitor Jikelele.
Phantsi Ukuze XL lesiqu Inkundla Imigaqo - Supreme Inkundla inakho kovavanyo yayo isigwebo okanye umyalelo kodwa akukho sicelo kuba kovavanyo uya entertained kwi zasekuhlaleni proceeding ngaphandle ngomhla emidlalo ekhankanywe Ukuze XLVII, Umthetho omnye we-Code of Zasekuhlaleni umgaqo-Nkqubo kwaye zolwaphulo mthetho proceeding ngaphandle emhlabeni ka-impazamo apparent kwi kobuso mbali.
Nangona iingxoxo kwi-Supreme Inkundla phakama ngaphandle izigwebo okanye ii-odolo ezenziwe yi-Subordinate Iinkundla, kuquka Iinkundla Eziphezulu, kodwa emva kwexesha i-Supreme Inkundla uqalile entertaining imiba apho inzala uluntu ngalo enkulu ngu obandakanyekayo kwaye Inkundla unako kusiwa yi-nawuphi na umntu okanye iqela abantu noba yi-filing a Writ uxwebhu Lwezikhalazo e-Filing Isibali Wenkundla okanye nge-addressing ileta ukuze Hon'ble wenkundla yezomgaqo-siseko ka-India lwe-syntax umbuzo-wonke ukubaluleka kuba cela oku kwimimandla ephantsi kolawulo lwesixeko.
Ingcamango enjalo ngu popularly eyaziwa ngokuba 'Uluntu Inzala Litigation' nabalandeli imiba yoluntu ukubaluleka zisuke landmark amatyala. Oku ingcamango zizodwa ukuba Supreme Inkundla India kuphela kwaye mhlawumbi akukho enye Inkundla ehlabathini wenziwe isebenzisa igunya le ihlale ngexesha elingelilo lokuhlala kwimimandla ephantsi kolawulo lwesixeko. A Writ uxwebhu Lwezikhalazo ezenziwe sesi sibini e-Filing Isibali ngu bohlwaywe njenge naliphi na Writ uxwebhu Lwezikhalazo kwaye ekusetyenzwe njengoko enjalo. Kwimeko ileta kuhlangatyezwana ukuba Hon'ble wenkundla yezomgaqo-siseko ka-India lowo ubizwa dealt nayo ngokungqinelana nezikhokelo inesakhelo ngenjongo. Ukuba umntu akhoyo amahlwempu candelo society ekubeni yonyaka ingeniso ngaphantsi Rs, - okanye ngowethu Scheduled Caste okanye Scheduled ndibe ş ngumlimi, victim ka-intlekele yendalo, umfazi okanye umntwana okanye mentally ill okanye ngenye indlela ivaliwe umntu okanye i-mveliso workman, okanye kwi-custody kuquka custody kwi-protective ekhaya, abe yena linelungelo ukufumana free isemthethweni aid ukususela Supreme Enkundleni Ngokusemthethweni Aid Ikomiti. I-aid ngoko ke, wanika yi-Ikomiti kuquka iindleko komhlaba mba kwaye zonke izicelo zidityanisiwe enxulumene noko, ukongeza ekuboneleleni i-Advocate kuba ilungisa kwaye arguing ityala. Nawuphi na umntu intlalo ka-availing isemthethweni inkonzo ngokusebenzisa Ikomiti kufuneka enze isicelo Unobhala kwaye isandla sakho phezu kwayo yonke kuyimfuneko amaxwebhu malunga yakhe meko kuyo. Ikomiti emva ascertaining i-eligibility umntu ibonelela kuyimfuneko isemthethweni aid kuye yakhe. kunye ingeniso ngasentla Rs, - kodwa phantsi Rs, - ngamnye ngonyaka afanelekile ukuba ukufumana isemthethweni aid ukususela Supreme Inkundla Eliphakathi Ingeniso Iqela Society, kwi umyinge intlawulo. Ukuba uxwebhu lwezikhalazo ngu olufunyenwe ejele okanye nawuphi na omnye, ulwaphulo-mthetho mba ukuba umtyholwa ngu unrepresented ke i-Advocate wonyulwa njengoko amicus curiae nge Inkundla ukuba ikhusele kwaye argue unobumba umtyholwa. Kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni imicimbi kanjalo Inkundla unako atyumbe i-Advocate njengoko amicus curiae ukuba thinks oko kuyimfuneko kwimeko i-unrepresented umntu Inkundla unako kanjalo atyumbe amicus curiae kuwo nawuphi na umcimbi uluntu jikelele ukubaluleka okanye apho inzala uluntu ngalo enkulu ngu obandakanyekayo. Kwinkundla ephakamileyo kumi entloko yomkhosi kwimo ngu-matyala nolawulo. Kukho amabini anesine Iinkundla Eziphezulu kweli lizwe, zintathu benomoya ophantsi kolawulo phezu ngaphezulu kwenye Imo. Phakathi Union Territories Delhi yedwa ethe Inkundla Ephezulu eyeyayo. Ezinye ezintandathu Union Territories kuza phantsi kolawulo ezahlukeneyo Urhulumente Iinkundla Eziphezulu. Ngamnye Phezulu Inkundla liquka a wenkundla yezomgaqo-siseko kunye enjalo ezinye Iijaji njengoko Umongameli angathi, amaxesha ngamaxesha, atyumbe. Wenkundla yezomgaqo-siseko ka-Inkundla Ephezulu wonyulwa Ngumongameli kwi-luhlomle kuwo kunye wenkundla yezomgaqo-siseko ka-India ne-Irhuluneli State. Inkqubo ye-appointing puisne Lwabagwebi ngu efanayo ngaphandle kokuba Eyintloko Wenkundla ephakamileyo abachaphazelekayo kanjalo abonisana. Bayanyamezela-ofisi de neminyaka engama- iminyaka kwaye ingaba name enye indlela njengoko ijaji lesiqu Inkundla. Ukuba abe eligible kuba idinga njengoko ijaji omnye kufuneka ummi ka-India kwaye kufuneka igcine-matyala-office kwi-India kuba iminyaka elishumi okanye kufuneka ube practiced njengoko i-Advocate a ephakamileyo okanye ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu enjalo Iinkundla kwi-succession kuba efanayo xesha. Ngamnye ephakamileyo sele amandla mba na umntu ngaphakathi yayo kolawulo lwesixeko izikhokelo, ii-odolo, okanye writs kuquka writs ezikuwo uhlobo habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, nemeko yelo xesha warrant kwaye certiorari kuba ukunyanzeliswa kwalomgaqo-siseko Amalungelo kuba na enye injongo. Oku amandla babe kananjalo kwenziwe ngokuthi na ephakamileyo isebenzisa igunya kolawulo lwesixeko ngokunxulumene territories ngaphakathi apho injongo intshukumo, ngokupheleleyo okanye inxenye, kukho kuba nokusebenzisa amandla anjalo, nangona ukuba sokugweba ezinjalo Urhulumente okanye igunya okanye indawo yokuhlala onjalo umntu ayiyo ngaphakathi abo territories. Ngamnye ephakamileyo sele amagunya superintendence phezu kwazo zonke Iinkundla ngaphakathi yayo kwimimandla ephantsi kolawulo lwesixeko. Ingathatha bizani ubuyisela ukusuka enjalo Iinkundla, yenza kuze kukhutshwe jikelele imithetho inkqubo iifomu ukulawula zabo amanqaku kwaye ize kubonisa indlela kwaye ifomu apho incwadi amangeno nee-akhawunti ziya kugcinwa. Le thebhule ilandelayo (*Ann A) inika sokugweba kwaye territorial kolawulo Iinkundla Eziphezulu. Kukho i-Advocate Jikelele nganye Urhulumente, wonyulwa yindlu Irhuluneli, ophethe-ofisi ngexesha ukuthanda Nomphathi. Lowo kufuneka umntu ukuba umntu onyulwe njengoko ijaji Yenkundla ephakamileyo. Umsebenzi wakhe umele ukunika iingcebiso ukuba Urhulumente Oorhulumente phezu enjalo imicimbi enxulumene ne ukwenza loo eminye imisebenzi isemthethweni uphawu, njengoko zibe ekubhekiswe kuye okanye inikezelwe kuye nge-Zomlawuli. I-Advocate Jikelele unelungelo athethe aze athabathe nesabelo yeenkqubo Yombuso yowiso-Mthetho ngaphandle ilungelo lokuvota. Lok Adalat ke eziya kungokuzithandela nee-arhente ingaba esweni lisebe Likarhulumente Isemthethweni Aid kwaye Ingcebiso Ezibhodini.
Baya kuba kwacacisa ukuba ibe nempumelelo enye foram kuba egqiba ka-disputes ngokusebenzisa conciliatory indlela.
Inkqubo Esemthethweni Iinkonzo Abasemagunyeni Act, ibonelela statutory isimo ukuya isemthethweni aid yokuhamba-hamba kwaye kanjalo ubonelela ekumiseleni neenkqubo Zomthetho Iinkonzo Abasemagunyeni kwi-Central, Urhulumente kwaye Wesithili amanqanaba. La mandla aya kuba kwezabo imali Ngaphezulu, Lok Adalat ke eziya okwangoku"ndibhala le leta"ndawo ziya kufumana statutory isimo.
Wonke kweelwimi ka-Lok Adalat ke uya kuthatyathwa kuba ummiselo a zasekuhlaleni inkundla okanye umyalelo a Isigqeba kwaye uya kuba zokugqibela kwaye ezibophelelayo amaqela ukuba imbambano. Kanjalo ibonelela ukuba ngokubhekiselele iimeko kugqitywe e a Lok Adalat, inkundla imali ehlawulweyo yi-amaqela iya kuba refunded.
