Izivumelwano ingaba i-indispensable yinxalenye ishishini
Kweli nqaku, Sweat Mohanty, okwangoku umleqa-Intanethi Isiqinisekiso Isifundo kwi-Abarhwebayo Isivumelwano Drafting kwaye Negotiation e Lasik lixoxa ukubaluleka free imvumeKwinkqubo yethu yonke imihla ubomi, siya kufika kuwo izivumelwano ngoko ke, amaxesha amaninzi ngaphandle nkqu realizing kuyo. Makube ukuthenga impahla esuka-shop, availing cable iinkonzo okanye phambi kokufaka i-app ngomhla wethu umnxeba, izivumelwano ingaba kuyo yonke indawo. Wonke intengiselwano ngenye indlela okanye ezinye isebenzisa izivumelwano, nokuba esibhaliweyo okanye verbal. Umthetho ivakalisa ukuba wonke ka-India ngaphandle kokuba imeko Jammu Kashmir.
Kwiminyaka edlulileyo ezahlukeneyo ababhali kwaye jurists uzamile ukuchaza 'yintoni izivumelwano' kodwa akukho namnye iinkcazelo kuba satisfactorily captured i-essence ye Isivumelwano.
Basically, isivumelwano ufumana i-bundle amalungelo nezibophelelo zethu bophelela amaqela omnye komnye kwi-exchange abanye kwesigqibo. Indian Isivumelwano Umthetho uchaza isivumelwano njengoko"isivumelwano nto leyo enforceable yi-mthetho isivumelwano". Kuphela abo izivumelwano olunokuba unyanzeliswe umthetho ingaba izivumelwano. Kuba kwisivumelwano ukuba abe enforceable, kufuneka yanelisa ezithile essentials ngokuqina ngumthetho babe semthethweni izivumelwano. Eli Nqaku liza kuphela kugxila omnye kubalulekile ka-elisebenzayo isivumelwano, nto leyo Free Imvume yayo, ukubaluleka kwi-Isivumelwano Umthetho. Kuba Isivumelwano ibe semthethweni, imvume zamaqela kufuneka genuine. Umthetho-siseko consensus-ad-idem ngu abalandela oko kuthetha ukuba amaqela ungena kwi isivumelwano kufuneka zithetha enye into enye evakalayo. Amaqela nemvumelwano kufuneka ube efanayo ukuqonda malunga nomcimbi othile ye-zengqesho. Mere imvume ayikho ngokwaneleyo kuba isivumelwano ukuba abe enforceable imvume onikiweyo kufuneka free kwaye kungokuzithandela. Inkcazelo Free imvume inikeziwe phantsi Indian Izivumelwano Mthetho ubizwa Imvume ukuba yi free from Coercion, Ngokukhawuleza Impembelelo, Ubuqhetseba, Misrepresentation okanye Impazamo. Imvume ngu wathi kuba ngoko wenza xa izakuba hayi zanikwa kodwa kuba bukho ezinjalo coercion, ngokukhawuleza impembelelo, ubuqhetseba, misrepresentation okanye impazamo. Ngokucacileyo, Free Imvume kuthetha ukuba kubekho nawuphi na uhlobo coercion, ngokukhawuleza impembelelo, ubuqhetseba, misrepresentation okanye impazamo.
Xa imvume leyo enikwe ngu-ezichaphazelekayo ngezi ezibini ngayo unxulumano kwi umbuzo nokuba ngaba imvume enikwe waba free kwaye kungokuzithandela.
Injongo yale-siseko kukuqinisekisa ukuba isihlalo zamaqela xa ungena kwi isivumelwano akusebenzi khange clouded. Ke ngoko, imvume enikwe phantsi coercion, ngokukhawuleza impembelelo, ubuqhetseba, misrepresentation okanye mpazamo ingaba unamandla aleleyo okuba leyo lakuyenza ingabi semthethweni zengqesho."'Coercion' ingaba committing, okanye threatening ukuba benze, nawuphi na umthetho kwalelwe yi-Indian Penal Ikhowudi (ka-) okanye mthethweni detaining, okanye threatening ukuba detain, nayiphi na ipropati, zibeke na omnye umntu nokuba, kunye injongo ebangela nawuphi na umntu angene kwisivumelwano."A ku kukhunjulwa kukuba akuyomfuneko ukuba YEIPC usebenza kwi ndawo imvume waye wazuza. Kakhulu crucial yinxalenye mthetho ibinzana"ukumona na omnye umntu nokuba"oko kuthethwa coercion ayikwazi ukukhokelwa ngokuchasene ukumona nawuphi na umntu, hayi nje umntu nemvumelwano. Kubalulekile kananjalo hayi kuyimfuneko ukuba kuphela iqela nemvumelwano isenza coercion. Nkqu umntu wesithathu nemvumelwano kungabangela coercion ukuze ufumane imvume, njengoko wabonwa kwimeko Ranganayakamma v. Alwar Sethi apho umhlolokazi waba coerced kwi nokuthatha umntwana ongamzalanga abe ngowakho boy yi-boy ke, abazali ngu-hayi evumela isidumbu ye-womhlolokazi ebafazini kususwa ekhaya de umntwana ongamzalanga abe ngowakho lwenziwa. Lo mthwalo ka-ubungqina kwi iimeko coercion lies kwi iqela abantliziyo imvume waba coerced. Xa imvume ye umntu waba wazuza ngokusebenzisa coercion, isivumelwano uba voidable ngomhla ukhetho lomgaqo-iqela abantliziyo imvume kwaba ngoko wazuza. Xa amaqela ukuba isivumelwano xa budlelwane nabanye kwi-enjalo indlela ukuba omnye umntu unako zilawula yintando ezinye kwaye isebenzisa akulunganga luncedo ngoko wazuza ukuze ufumane imvume lomnye umntu, ngoko imvume ngu wathi zithe zafunyanwa lisebe ngokukhawuleza impembelelo. Ngoku, Isivumelwano Umthetho inikezela kwiimeko apho umntu unako zilawula yintando omnye. Ezi meko ngala: Xa umntu abo kwi indawo ukuba zilawula yintando enye, kungena isivumelwano kwaye isivumelwano prima facie ubonakala unconscionable, ngoko ke ngu mthwalo ka-iqela abo kwi indawo ukuba zilawula, nindivavanye ukuba imvume alifumanisanga sele ezizuzwa ngokukhawuleza impembelelo. Xa imvume ye-iqela nemvumelwano wenziwe wazuza ngokusebenzisa ngokukhawuleza impembelelo, ngoko ke isivumelwano uba voidable ngomhla ukhetho lomgaqo-iqela abantliziyo imvume wenziwe ngoko wazuza. Imvume ayikho wathi kuba xa free oko wenziwe ezizuzwa kuthetha zobuqhophololo. Kwiindawo ezinjalo iimeko, isivumelwano uba voidable ngomhla ukhetho lomgaqo-iqela abantliziyo imvume waba ezizuzwa kuthetha zobuqhophololo. Ngaphezu koko, ubuqhetseba kanjalo tort apho isenzo kuba umonakalo othe unako ukuxoka. Indian Isivumelwano Act, inika inkcazelo igama elithi 'Ubuqhetseba'.
Umthetho ubonelela ezintlanu izenzo apho xa uzinikele noba yi-iqela okanye nge yakhe uncedo okanye ngomoya wakhe iarhente, kunye injongo ulahlekise omnye umntu, izixa-mali urhwaphilizo.
Abo izenzo ingaba njengokulandelayo: Mere cwaka malunga iinyaniso olunokuba esi sicwangciso ukukuthakazelela ka-umntu angene isivumelwano ingaba na isixa urhwaphilizo, kodwa ukuba kukho umsebenzi ukuthetha phezu umntu olilungu ukugcina cwaka, ngoko ke uba a urhwaphilizo. Umzekelo iimeko ezinjalo zenza Izivumelwano Uberrima fides, eyaziwa njenge Izivumelwano Utmost okulungileyo ukholo apho epheleleyo yaziswe kulindeleke. Lo mthwalo ka-ubungqina kwilixa zobuqhophololo lies kwi iqela abo alleges kuyo. Umntu kufuneka kuvavanya iimeko apho sinokukhokelela ukuba ubukho be ubuqhetseba. Koko eyenza umzekelo-icatshulwe zobuqhophololo kwi-pleadings ayikho ngokwaneleyo.
Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke izivumelwano asingawo izivumelwano
Ukuba omnye umntu, egama imvume wenziwe wazuza ngokusebenzisa ubuqhetseba, bafumene ithuba okanye kuthetha fumana inyaniso kunye nokuqheleka inkuthalo, ngoko ke isivumelwano ayisayi kuba boolean.
Misrepresentation phantsi Indian Isivumelwano Act, ingaba i-exhaustive inkcazelo kwaye unako zahlukaniswe kwi iintlobo ezintathu.
Njengoko kusenokuba ebone ukusuka ngentla, zintathu iintlobo misrepresentation isinye obaluleke kakhulu into ngokufanayo, injongo iqela apho misrepresents ngu babemsulwa akuvumelekanga ulahlekise omnye umntu uye angena zengqesho.
Injongo iqela abo yenza ubuxoki statement umahluko phakathi misrepresentation kwaye ubuqhetseba. Lo mthwalo lies kwi iqela claiming misrepresentation ukuphepha isivumelwano ukuba kuvavanya ukuba misrepresentation waba kusetyenziswa ukuze ufumane imvume. Xa imvume waye wazuza ngokusebenzisa misrepresentation, uba voidable ngomhla ukhetho lomgaqo-iqela abantliziyo imvume kwaba ngoko wazuza. Xa elinye amaqela sele kunikwe imvume yayo nemvumelwano phantsi misunderstanding ngoko imvume ngu wathi kuba zithe anikwe mpazamo.
Ukuba akusebenzi khange kuba misunderstanding umntu avume kuba bangena kwesi sivumelwano.
Phantsi isivumelwano umthetho, yimpazamo unako ezimbini iintlobo ezininzi ezonakeleyo:) Mpazamo, Umthetho kwaye) Mpazamo ka-Fact. Xa umntu sele na misunderstanding mayela inkqubo esemthethweni izibonelelo, bubizwa Mpazamo, Umthetho. Ngoku, umntu unako kuba ubhideke malunga umthetho Homeland okanye umthetho langaphandle ilizwe. Ukuba kunzima yimpazamo malunga umthetho homeland, isivumelwano azinako avoided. Iqela ayikwazi ukuthatha i-plea ka ekubeni akukho ulwazi imithetho yakhe homeland. Kodwa ukuba kunzima yimpazamo malunga umthetho a kwilizwe langaphandle, unako kuba excused. Xa amaqela unayo nayiphi na misunderstanding malunga nomcimbi othile okanye ngokwemiqathango yecandelo nemvumelwano, kuthiwe ukuba kuya kuba yimpazamo ka-fact. I-misunderstanding ingafunyanwa kwi-inxalenye omnye umntu okanye zombini. Phakathi kwala mazwe mabini Mpazamo - Xa omabini amaqela baphantsi na misunderstanding mpazamo enxulumene umcimbi ka-fact kubalulekile kwesi sivumelwano, isivumelwano uba-boolean. Unilateral Mpazamo - Xa misunderstanding mpazamo ephiwe inxalenye omnye umntu nemvumelwano, isivumelwano ihlala isebenza. Kuphela xa umntu ufumana mistaken malunga amaqela ukuba isivumelwano okanye uhlobo intengiselwano, isivumelwano uba-boolean. Free Imvume kubalulekile ukwenza isivumelwano elisebenzayo zengqesho. Ukubaluleka free imvume azinako stressed ngokwaneleyo Imvume zamaqela nemvumelwano kufuneka free kwaye voluntarily.
Imvume nemvumelwano kufuneka kunikwa ngaphandle naluphi na uhlobo uxinzelelo okanye delusions.
Kubalulekile ukuba imvume enikwe ngu-amaqela yi free njengoko oku kunokwenziwa esi sicwangciso iyasebenza ye-zengqesho. Ukuba imvume kwesi sivumelwano waye wazuza okanye induced yi-coercion, ngokukhawuleza impembelelo, ubuqhetseba, misrepresentation okanye mpazamo, ngoko ke, ingaba enokwenzeka ukuba enze isivumelwano-boolean.
