Akanguye netyala kuba wrongful izenzo kwenziwa ngabanye
Ngokubanzi, indoda ngu netyala kuba eyiyeyakhe wrongful izenzoKodwa phantsi ezithile iimeko, oko kukuthi, tortious izenzo, umntu lunokwenziwa netyala kuba wrongful izenzo abanye abantu. Kwi-Umthetho Torts, umlawuli ngu netyala kuba izenzo owenziwe nesicaka sakhe phantsi kwesi siseko, ngenxa yakhe superiority kwi imali, indawo, impembelelo, njalo-njalo. Oku uyasetyenziswa kwi-tortious izenzo, ngenxa maxim"Ummangalelwa Superior", othe kwezoqoqosho uzinzo ukuya kuhlangana kunye ahlawule umonakalo othe kuba zoko izenzo ezinjalo. Kodwa njengokuba umthetho, wolwaphulo-mthetho, le-siseko akusebenzi."Lolwenzelelelo Eyimali awaziwa ukuba Wolwaphulo-Mthetho": kubalulekile ingcamango isohlwayo kwaye wolwaphulo-mthetho. Kubalulekile emthethweni. Kubalulekile kwi-inzala-wonke ukhuseleko. Injongo isohlwayo ngu twofold: umntu, abo ingaba a wolwaphulo-mthetho, kufuneka wayesohlwaywa ngokufanelekileyo. Kubalulekile kwi-inzala Yombuso. Abantu, abo uncedo i-umtyholwa ngokwenza ukuba ayilunganga, bamele kanjalo punishable phantsi komthetho abetment kwaye, ulwaphulo-mthetho conspiracy. Basically, lolwenzelelelo eyimali ayikho lunxulumano yi-penal umthetho. Icandelo le- YEIPC ufumana i-okukodwa kule ezisisiseko-siseko. Ngexesha disposing Manvel vs. (ZEZULU SC), Supreme Inkundla igcine:"Icandelo ye-Penal Ikhowudi ubonelela lolwenzelelelo eyimali, ukuba i-ukona sizibophelele nanguye nawuphi na ilungu i-mthethweni yowiso-mthetho kwi-prosecution a ngokufanayo injongo yawo okanye ezifana amalungu ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho wayesazi ukuba ukona ibe kusenokwenzeka ukuba benziwe kwi-prosecution ukuba injongo, wonke umntu othe ngexesha committing ukuba ukona waba lilungu izakuba benetyala ye-ukona kwetyala. Aphinda injongo zibe ikhomishini omnye ukona xa inokuba likelihood ikomishoni ka-kanti omnye ukona, ulwazi ngoko ngu-capable yokuba ngokukhuselekileyo attributable ukuba amalungu mthethweni yowiso-mthetho. Nokuba lilungu enjalo mthethweni yowiso-mthetho waba aware njengoko malunga likelihood ikomishoni ngomnye ukona okanye hayi ingaba zixhomekeke phezu iinyaniso kwaye iimeko ngamnye meko. Nayo kakuhle ube sowuzinzile ukuba ukufa bebe wenza kwi-prosecution ye-ngokufanayo injongo i-mthethweni yowiso-mthetho, kuya bebengayi kuyimfuneko ukuba irekhodi a uqiniseko okanye ethile, ingxowa-njengoko apho ezithile umtyholwa ngaphandle amalungu mthethweni yowiso-mthetho wenza eyingozi injury."Ngexesha i-framing ezithile statutes, yowiso-Mthetho imposes inkqubo engqongqo eyimali phezu umqeshi. Umzekelo, Zokuthintela Lokutya Adulteration Act, Ukuthengisa Utywala, Iziyobisi, njl. njl, imposiso yorhwebo lwangaphakathi enjalo eyimali phezu inqununu. Ngumsebenzi eyimali ye-merchant ukuba unikeze i-unadulterated ukutya. Ukuba Ukutya uvimba s siqhuba sudden ukukhangela kwaye ifumanise lokutya amanqaku ingaba adulterated, ngumnini-shop ayikwazi yokuphepha ukususela imirhumo yi-ngokulula esithi ukuba nesicaka sakhe sibe nalo adulterated lokutya. Ukuba lowo ufuna ukubonisa ukuba ukutya ngu adulterated ngaphandle yakhe ulwazi ngomoya wakhe yabasebenzi, mthwalo ka-ubungqina lies phezu kwakhe. I-appellant waba licensee ezimbini petrol bunks e Guntur. Yena uqeshiwe ezimbini abantu Ch. Venkat Rayudu kwaye Daddy Pitaya ukujonga emva kwabo.
I-appellant waba resident ka-Chiral kwaye waye kanjalo ukusebenza njengoko a Bubumongameli Bokuqala Iklasi Umantyi e Chiral.
I-ke-British Urhulumente ube wenziwe"Motor Umoya Rationing Olungcwele,". Ngokunxulumene noku, i-isithuthi abanini-mhlaba kufuneka ufumane semthethweni coupons kuba petrol kwi-mandla. I-Dealer ye-Petrol Bunk kufuneka kombane i-petrol akufumana enjalo coupons esikhutshwe wagunyazisa amagosa Karhulumente kunye ukugcina i-akhawunti ye-enjalo coupons kwi irejista, kwaye endorse kwi umva le coupons, kwaye kwangoko kombane i-petrol. U-amatyala baba prosecuted ngokuchasene Hari prasad Rao wakhe, abasebenzi nge-Urhulumente, alleging ezimbini imirhumo lokuqala meko ukuze babe enikezwa i-petrol ngaphandle coupons kwaye ngomnyaka wesibini kunjalo, wesithathu ngaphandle kwentlawulo waba ukuba bafumana coupons, kodwa akazange kombane i-petrol ukuba abachaphazelekayo. I-imirhumo kwaye iimeko baba inesakhelo phantsi Motor Umoya Rationing Ukuze. Inkqubo Ephantsi-Divisional Umantyi, Guntur ifunyenwe le appellant wakhe, abasebenzi kwimeko nganye benetyala ye-imirhumo kwaye convicted i-appellant ukuba imiqathango yomthetho Rs. amashumi ngomhla wokuqala ubalo kwaye Rs. amashumi amabini uwaphinda - ngomhla wesibini ubalo kwaye kulungile ka-Rs. amashumi amabini uwaphinda - ngomhla nganye ezintathu counts, kwaye ukuba appellant ayiphumelelanga ahlawule esangezelelweyo kwaye kulungile, omnye-iveki nokuvalelwa. I-appellant appealed ukuba ephakamileyo, Madras. Waxoxa esitsho ukuba waye ukusebenza njengoko a Kamantyi kwaye onikwe umsebenzi wakhe abasebenzi, kwaye akazange kaloku ngexesha i-offences kwaye wafuna nkqo ekukhuseleni ilungelo abantu ke rea kwaye somthetho sokukhululwa ukusuka lolwenzelelelo eyimali. Yena pleaded ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho iimeko, umtyholwa akufanele wayesohlwaywa ngaphandle kokuba amadoda akhe ke rea waye wazibonakalisa. Kanjalo pleaded ukuba yolwaphulo-mthetho khange sikwazi ukuva lolwenzelelelo eyimali.
I-Madras ephakamileyo igcine ukuba imibuzo babantu ke rea kwaye somthetho sokukhululwa ukusuka lolwenzelelelo eyimali bengengabo afanelekileyo langoku kunjalo njengoko imirhumo baba statutory offences.
It eqhutywe i-appellant baba netyala kuba offences. Kanjalo igcine ukuba umbuzo babantu ke rea uza esi sicwangciso komlinganiselo ka-isohlwayo, kodwa ayikwazi esi sicwangciso conviction. I-appellant appealed ukuba Supreme Inkundla. Urhulumente argued ukuba nangona ordinarily umntu akufunekanga kubanjwa netyala kuba zolwaphulo-mthetho ngomnye kwaye akukho mntu unako kuba ibe igcwalisiwe kunye ikhomishini i ukona ngaphandle kokuba i-buchule okanye ulwazi ufunyenwe ukuba abe khona, abantu ke rea ayikho le essence ye-ukona kunye apho statutory izibonelelo imposiso yorhwebo lwangaphakathi izithintelo nemiqathango. I-Supreme Inkundla igcine okokuba ngaphandle kokuba statute noba ngokucacileyo okanye xa kuyimfuneko implication imigaqo ngaphandle abantu ke rea njengokuba constituent inxalenye a ulwaphulo-mthetho, defendant akufunekanga kubanjwa nobutyala phantsi yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngaphandle kokuba ubani benetyala engqondweni. Yokuxhomekeka kumanzi phezu lo umthetho, Supreme Inkundla igcine ukuba apho isicaka zithengiswe petrol ukuya bogus umthengi kwi kubekho coupons kwi-contravention ye-Rationing Ukuze kwaye umlawuli shwaka khona ngexesha nor kokuba yena naluphi na ulwazi kombane ka-petrol zizicaka ukuba bogus umthengi, umlawuli ayikwazi kubanjwa ukuba abe vicariously netyala kuba umthetho isicaka. Yiyo loo nto i conviction kwaye isigwebo imposed kwi appellant ngomhla wo- kwentlawulo kuzo zombini iimeko baba quashed. I-Supreme Inkundla upheld conviction kwaye isigwebo ngomhla wesithathu ngaphandle kwentlawulo lwesibini meko. I-Supreme Inkundla aqwalasela:"Prima facie, umlawuli asikuko ukuba kwenziwa criminally elijongene izenzo zakhe isicaka apho umlawuli alikho iqela. Kodwa ibe injongo-Mthetho yephondo, ukuze balinde ngokuchasene eyenzekayo ye-kwalelwe nto, imposiso yorhwebo lwangaphakathi a eyimali phezu igqwetha nkqu nokuba yena sele ukwazi oko kwaye ingaba iqela le kwalelwe umthetho owenziwe nesicaka sakhe. Abaninzi statutes ingaba ophunyezwe kunye le njongo. Izenzo ekwenzile yi-isicaka iphepha-mvume holder ka-iphepha-mvume premises nikezela - iphepha-mvume holder kwezinye kwiimeko netyala, nkqu nokuba umthetho kwenziwa ngomoya wakhe isicaka ngaphandle ulwazi mfundisi.
Oku popularly waziwa njengo"Lolwenzelelelo Eyimali"
Phantsi Ukutya Iziyobisi Izenzo, kukho kwakhona kwiimeko kakuhle ezaziwayo kwiimeko ezithile, apho masteries made unoxanduva, nkqu nokuba uyazazi nto umthetho owenziwe nesicaka sakhe, abe fined okanye rendered amenable ukuba esangezelelweyo enjoined ngumthetho.
Kwezo iimeko, yowiso-Mthetho absolutely ayibavumeli izenzo kwaye yenza inqununu netyala ngaphandle abantu u-rea."Njengokuba umthetho, ulwaphulo-mthetho umthetho, umlawuli ayikho igcine netyala kuba zolwaphulo-mthetho kwenziwa ngomoya wakhe ummeli okanye isicaka. Nangona kunjalo, iya kubanjelwa unoxanduva, ukuba nguye abettor okanye conspirator okanye esebenzayo iqabane lakho le-ukona. Abe wamanzi acociweyo njengoko ekubeni edibeneyo eyimali kwaye ngokufanayo injongo (Sec.) okanye njengoko ekubeni iintlangaaniso eyimali kwaye ngokufanayo injongo (Sec.). a) A - a-master siyalela B-isicaka ukuba babulale C. Apha lolwenzelelelo eyimali akusebenzi. Edibeneyo Eyimali kufanele ufake isicelo ukuze zombini A B, kwaye zombini kufuneka wayesohlwaywa ngokufanelekileyo. B ayikwazi ndibongoze somthetho sokukhululwa phantsi lolwenzelelelo eyimali. b) A - a-master siyalela B-umqhubi drive yakhe isithuthi. B drives kunye rash kwaye negligent uhlobo, kwaye wenza kunokwenzeka ingozi nokufa ukuba C. Phantsi Komthetho Torts, - A no-B zombini ingaba netyala ukuba ahlawule umonakalo othe wenza ukuba usapho ka mntu ubhubhileyo, kwaye ngaphezulu ingakumbi A ngu igcine ngakumbi netyala, ekubeni ummangalelwa superior. Phantsi Yolwaphulo-Mthetho, asiyiyo igcine unoxanduva, kodwa B ngu igcine netyala, njengokuba yena drove imoto negligently.
B kuya kufuneka ubuso - prosecution kuba"Rash Ukungakhathali,"phantsi kwecandelo Lama A I.
M, kuba apho akayi kuba netyala. Apha umthetho inikele nge-B iza phantsi S. -A-Indian Penal Ikhowudi, apho alibabali inqununu ukususela lolwenzelelelo eyimali."Lolwenzelelelo eyimali awaziwa ukuba Wolwaphulo-mthetho,"Kodwa oku zomthetho-siseko sele zilandelayo ezizodwa: Ngamanye amaxesha, statute ibonelela imigaqo engqongqo ukuba inqununu, abo kufuneka kuthobela imigaqo kakhulu ngenyameko.
(a) Erecting pandals kwi iindlela kwi-twin izixeko ngu prohibited, kwaye ukwaphulwa komthetho enjalo imigaqo attracts penal izibonelelo, yi-Hyderabad Isixeko Amapolisa Mthetho.
I-indlu umnini uyalela B-isicaka ukuba erect i-Pandal kwi ezindleleni. Apha ngu netyala kuba contravention ka-izibonelelo Hyderabad Isixeko Amapolisa Mthetho. (b) Heaping Kankan, bricks, intlabathi, njl. njl, kwi-wonke iindlela ufumana i-ukona punishable seeveki-nyanga nokuvalelwa okanye nge kakuhle ukuya kwi-Rs, - okanye nge kunye njengoko kuchaziwe Hyderabad Kamasipala Corporation C iimali. Ukuba isicaka yenza heap ka-intlabathi kwi-wonke road, inqununu indlu - umnini ngu netyala. (c) Yokusingqongileyo (i-Protection) Umthetho, Amanzi (Zokuthintela Ulawulo Pollution) Act, Zezulu Zokuthintela Ulawulo Pollution) Umthetho, njl. njl, imposiso yorhwebo lwangaphakathi inkqubo engqongqo eyimali phezu lowo ke prospect ngu-hayi pollute i-atmosphere. Ukuba i-lowo siyalela yakhe abasebenzi onikwe imvume yokulahlela unearned effluents kwi engqongileyo canal, ilizwe kwaye atmosphere, polluter lowo ngu-hearable. I-Factories Act, yayo, imigaqo incedisa ukuba Ngumnini-Ifektri kufuneka entrust imisebenzi kwi ezinobungozi matshini ukuba kulungile-umntu kwaye experienced umgqatswa, kwaye, lowo kufuneka athabathe onke amanyathelo afanelekileyo precautionary amanyathelo afanelekileyo ukuthintela iingozi ezingama-kunye neengozi.
Ukuba I-i-umnini i-data, entrusts ulawulo a ezinobungozi umatshini ukuze i-unqualified okanye unauthorized umntu, kwaye ukuba eso unauthorized umntu sinikela na kunokwenzeka ingozi ebangela ukufa ukuze umntu okanye abantu A ngu igcine netyala.
A, ekubeni umnini, unetyala entrusting i-uphatho lwe umatshini ukuze i-ke ukuba ningazi, unauthorized umntu. Kubalulekile neglect ye rhafu. Zethu umsebenzi kukubonelela i-intanethi iqonga ukunceda abafundi ukuba baxoxe nantoni na kwaye yonke into malunga Essay. Le webhusayithi kuquka nzulu izikhumbuzo, uphando, namaphepha angama-essays, amanqaku nezinye allied ulwazi linikelwe visitors njenge NANI.
